Why in news?
Mizoram has been battling a severe outbreak of African Swine Fever (ASF), with thousands of pigs dying in 2025. The state government has culled animals, compensated farmers and imposed restrictions in affected areas to contain the spread.
Background
ASF is a highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boars. First detected in Africa, it has no vaccine or cure and causes mortality rates approaching 100 %. The virus is hardy, surviving for long periods on clothes, boots, vehicles and in pork products. Human beings cannot contract ASF, but people can inadvertently carry the virus and introduce it to new areas through contaminated meat or equipment. Since 2005, ASF has spread from Africa to Georgia, Europe and Asia, posing a global threat to pig farming.
The Mizoram outbreak
- Scale of losses: according to state reports, more than 9,380 pigs died in 2025, affecting about 3,690 families across 162 villages. Around 3,455 pigs were culled to prevent further spread. Since the first outbreak in March 2021, Mizoram has lost roughly 72,000 pigs.
- Worst‑hit districts: Siaha district recorded 3,380 pig deaths, making it the epicentre of the 2025 outbreak. Other affected districts include Lunglei and Aizawl.
- Economic impact: pig farming is a major livelihood in Mizoram. The outbreak has resulted in crores of rupees in losses and pushed many farmers into financial distress. The state government has provided compensation, but recovery will take time.
Transmission and prevention
- Modes of spread: ASF virus spreads through direct contact with infected pigs, bites from soft ticks, ingestion of contaminated meat and contact with contaminated objects. Once introduced, it can persist in the environment for months.
- Biosecurity measures: farmers are advised to restrict access to pig pens, disinfect equipment, avoid swill feeding and report sick animals. Culling of affected animals and proper disposal of carcasses are essential to break the chain of transmission.
- Socio‑economic consequences: beyond farm income, ASF threatens food security and employment in regions where pork is a staple. Restocking herds requires significant investment and may take years.
Conclusion
The Mizoram outbreak underscores the devastating impact of African Swine Fever. Strengthening surveillance, improving farm biosecurity and educating communities are crucial to protect livelihoods and prevent further spread of this deadly disease.