Why in news?
The functioning of the Archaeological Survey of India came under scrutiny in August 2025 after controversies over the handling of excavations at Keeladi in Tamil Nadu. Historians debated whether the ASI needs reforms to keep pace with modern archaeological methods.
Origins and structure
The ASI was founded in 1861 by archaeologist Alexander Cunningham to conduct surveys and preserve monuments. It now operates under the Ministry of Culture and is headed by a Director General. The organisation maintains about 3,700 monuments and archaeological sites across India. It has regional circles, excavation branches, an epigraphy wing and museums.
Main functions
- Excavation and research: The ASI undertakes planned digs to uncover buried sites and publishes reports on findings.
- Conservation: It repairs and maintains ancient temples, forts, stupas and mosques. This includes structural repairs, chemical preservation and preventing encroachments.
- Epigraphy and numismatics: Specialists decipher inscriptions and coins to reconstruct history.
- Museums and outreach: The ASI runs site museums, organises exhibitions and advises state governments on heritage laws.
Issues and reforms
Critics argue that the ASI is understaffed and relies on antiquated procedures. Delays in publishing excavation reports, lack of transparency in permitting independent researchers and poor use of digital technologies have hampered progress. To address these, experts suggest increasing the budget, hiring more archaeologists, adopting remote sensing and 3D‑mapping tools, and involving local communities in heritage management.