Why in news?
The 16th census of the Asiatic lion population, released in 2025, reports an increase in the number of lions in and around Gujarat’s Gir Forest. The data highlights both successes and emerging concerns in conservation.
Background
- The Asiatic lion was once widespread across West Asia and northern India. By the late 19th century it was confined to the Gir Forest. Conservation efforts since the 1970s have gradually increased numbers.
- Periodic lion censuses track population trends, health and habitat conditions. The previous estimate in 2020 recorded around 523 lions.
Key findings
- The 2025 census estimates about 891 lions, indicating a substantial growth. The number of adult females has increased, and there are reports of new cubs in several prides.
- Lions are now observed in neighbouring districts such as Bhavnagar, Amreli and Porbandar, forming satellite populations outside the core Gir region.
- Movement corridors between habitats are being used more frequently, suggesting genetic exchange but also increasing human–lion interactions.
Significance
- The rising population is a conservation success story, demonstrating the effectiveness of habitat protection, prey management and community involvement.
- As a top predator, the lion is a keystone species. Its recovery indicates a healthy ecosystem in Gir and surrounding areas.
Concerns
- Concentration in a single region makes the species vulnerable to disease outbreaks, natural disasters or mass poisoning. Translocation to new habitats remains controversial but necessary for long‑term survival.
- Expansion into human‑dominated landscapes can lead to conflicts. Livestock predation and accidental deaths from wells or roads are increasing.
- Infrastructure projects and mining near Gir may fragment habitats and obstruct movement corridors.
Way forward
- Establishing second homes in suitable reserves like Kuno (Madhya Pradesh) could reduce risk. Better compensation and community outreach will be needed to address conflicts.
- Monitoring and veterinary care must be strengthened to detect diseases early. Genetic studies can guide translocation strategies.
- Land‑use planning should ensure that industrial projects do not cut off wildlife corridors. Eco‑sensitive zones and wildlife overpasses can help.