Why in news?
On 19 November 2025 India unveiled BIRSA 101, the country’s first indigenous gene therapy based on CRISPR technology to treat Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). The therapy, launched by Science and Technology Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh, is named in honour of tribal freedom fighter Birsa Munda and aims to provide a low‑cost cure for a disorder that disproportionately affects tribal populations.
Background
Sickle Cell Disease is a hereditary blood disorder caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for the β‑globin chain of haemoglobin. Red blood cells become rigid and sickle‑shaped, leading to anaemia, episodes of severe pain, organ damage and reduced life expectancy. The disease is common among India’s tribal and Scheduled Caste communities; millions are carriers and thousands suffer from the disease. Global gene therapies for SCD use CRISPR‑Cas9 to edit stem cells but cost upwards of ₹20–25 crore, making them inaccessible for most patients.
Key points
- Indigenous innovation: BIRSA 101 is fully developed in India. It uses an engineered CRISPR enzyme known as enFnCas9 to precisely correct the faulty sequence in a patient’s own stem cells. The corrected cells are then infused back into the patient, enabling them to produce normal haemoglobin.
- Affordability: While exact pricing has not yet been announced, officials project that the treatment will cost a fraction of imported gene therapies, making life‑saving care accessible to thousands of patients.
- Public–private partnership: The therapy was developed under a partnership between the CSIR‑Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‑IGIB) and the Serum Institute of India, with support from the Department of Biotechnology and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Technology transfer agreements have already been signed.
- Dedication to Birsa Munda: Naming the therapy after the tribal icon highlights the government’s commitment to eradicate SCD among tribal populations. It aligns with the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission announced under the National Health Mission.
- Future outlook: Regulatory approvals and clinical trials will follow to ensure safety and efficacy. Success could pave the way for similar indigenous gene therapies for other genetic disorders.
Significance
BIRSA 101 marks a milestone in India’s biotechnology sector. By combining cutting‑edge gene editing with affordable manufacturing, it promises to transform the treatment landscape for Sickle Cell Disease. The initiative showcases self‑reliance, reduces dependence on expensive imports and offers hope to marginalised communities. It also positions India as a potential hub for developing and exporting gene therapies tailored to developing‑country needs.
Source: PIB · Business Standard