Why in news?
Three cases of infection by Naegleria fowleri — commonly known as the brain‑eating amoeba — were reported in Kerala in 2025. The rare but deadly organism has raised public health concerns about water safety.
What is it?
Naegleria fowleri is a single‑celled organism that lives in warm fresh water and soil. Infection occurs when contaminated water enters the nose, allowing the amoeba to reach the brain. Drinking contaminated water does not cause disease, and it is not transmitted from person to person.
Where is it found?
- Warm lakes and rivers, especially during the summer months.
- Geothermal hot springs and poorly maintained swimming pools.
- Soil and dust; the organism can survive at temperatures up to 46 °C.
Symptoms and treatment
- Early symptoms: Headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting.
- Advanced symptoms: Stiff neck, confusion, seizures and hallucinations. Death often occurs within five to eighteen days.
- Treatment: There is no single effective cure; doctors use combinations of antifungal and antimicrobial drugs. Survival rates are extremely low, so early diagnosis is critical.
Prevention
Avoid swimming in warm, stagnant fresh water during hot weather. If swimming cannot be avoided, use nose clips and avoid submerging your head. Proper chlorination of pools and safe drinking water practices help prevent infection.