Why in news?
Shankar, the lone African elephant at Delhi’s National Zoological Park, died suddenly after contracting the Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). Veterinary officials believe rodents in the zoo could have transmitted the pathogen. Such cases are rare in India and have raised concerns about disease control in captive wildlife.
Background
EMCV is a non‑enveloped, single‑stranded RNA virus belonging to the Cardiovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Two main serotypes have been identified. The virus primarily infects pigs and wild boars but can also affect African elephants, zoo animals, rodents and occasionally humans. Rodents serve as the natural reservoir, shedding the virus in urine and droppings. Animals become infected by ingesting food or water contaminated with rodent excreta.
Disease profile
- Rapid onset: In many animals the disease progresses very quickly. Sudden death due to heart inflammation (myocarditis) is common, often without prior signs.
- Symptoms: When symptoms do appear, they may include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, rapid breathing and heart failure. Pregnant animals may miscarry.
- Transmission: Rodents are the main carriers. Outbreaks are associated with high rodent populations and poor hygiene in animal enclosures. The virus does not normally spread between large mammals directly.
- Control measures: There is no specific treatment or vaccine. Prevention relies on strict rodent control, proper storage of feed, clean water supplies and regular veterinary surveillance. Infected animals should be isolated and carcasses disposed of safely.
Shankar’s case
- Sudden death: Shankar collapsed without clear symptoms and died within hours. Post‑mortem examination revealed myocarditis linked to EMCV infection.
- Zoo response: Officials have increased rodent control efforts and enhanced monitoring of other animals. They noted that African elephants are particularly susceptible to EMCV.
Conclusion
The fatal infection of an African elephant by EMCV underscores the need for vigilant disease surveillance in zoos. Controlling rodent populations, maintaining hygiene and routine testing of animals and feed are critical to prevent similar incidents in the future.
Sources: The Indian Express, World Organisation for Animal Health