Why in news?
In July 2025 the Indian Prime Minister embarked on a five‑nation tour of Ghana, Trinidad & Tobago, Argentina, Brazil and Namibia. The visits aimed to deepen ties with developing countries, often collectively referred to as the “Global South”, and to advocate reforms in global governance.
What is the Global South?
- Historically coined in the 1970s, the term refers to developing and least‑developed countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Pacific which share experiences of colonialism and economic marginalisation.
- These countries account for the majority of the world’s population but a smaller share of global GDP and wield limited influence in institutions like the UN Security Council, World Bank and IMF.
- They prioritise issues such as poverty alleviation, climate justice, affordable energy access and equitable trade rules.
Challenges faced by the Global South
- Climate vulnerability: Many southern countries are among the most exposed to cyclones, droughts and floods, yet receive inadequate climate finance.
- Debt distress: High external debt levels and rising interest rates limit fiscal space for public welfare.
- Resource monopolisation: Developed economies and multinational corporations control critical minerals, pharmaceuticals and digital technologies.
- Digital divide: Lack of affordable internet and digital literacy worsens economic disparities.
- Under‑representation: Existing global governance structures give disproportionate voice to the Global North.
India’s engagement
- India hosted two “Voice of the Global South” summits in 2023 and 2024 to articulate common priorities on climate finance, debt relief and technology sharing.
- During the July 2025 tour India signed agreements on rare‑earth mining in Ghana, lithium exploration in Argentina, strategic minerals and fintech cooperation in Namibia and defence partnerships in Brazil.
- India champions reforms of the UN Security Council, WTO and IMF to make them more representative, and promotes South‑South cooperation through lines of credit and capacity building.
Way forward
- Institutionalise a permanent Global South forum to coordinate positions on trade, climate and digital policies.
- Expand South‑South finance and technology partnerships, especially in renewable energy and critical minerals.
- Pursue membership or deeper ties with regional blocs such as the African Union, CARICOM and Mercosur.
- Continue advocating for inclusive global governance and championing issues like debt relief, climate justice and digital public infrastructure.