Why in news?
A large study by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the National Diabetes Study (INDIAB) examined the eating habits of Indians. The findings released in 2025 show that the average Indian diet is dominated by carbohydrates and low in protein, which has implications for rising lifestyle diseases.
Key findings
- High carbohydrate intake: Around 60–70 per cent of daily calories come from cereals, rice, wheat and sugar. Refined grains and added sugars are common.
- Low protein consumption: Only about 10–12 per cent of calories come from protein sources. Many people rely on cereals rather than pulses, legumes, dairy or meat.
- Fat and fibre: Total fat intake is within recommended limits but saturated fat (from ghee and fried foods) is high. Dietary fibre from fruits, vegetables and whole grains is often low.
- Regional variation: Northern states consume more wheat and dairy, while southern states eat more rice and pulses. Urban diets show a shift toward processed foods and sugary beverages.
Health implications
- Diabetes and obesity: High carbohydrate diets combined with sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of insulin resistance, leading to pre‑diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
- Deficiencies: Inadequate protein can cause muscle wasting and weak immunity. Micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin B12, iron, calcium) are common.
- Economic impact: The rising burden of non‑communicable diseases results in healthcare costs and lost productivity.
Recommendations
- Gradually replace refined grains with whole grains like millets and brown rice.
- Increase consumption of pulses, nuts, seeds, dairy and eggs (for non‑vegetarians) to improve protein intake.
- Include plenty of fruits and vegetables to boost fibre and micronutrients.
- Limit added sugars, sugary drinks and trans‑fats. Opt for healthy fats from seeds and plant oils.
- Promote balanced school meals and nutrition education to instil healthy habits early.