Why in news?
On 1 August 2025, India observed the 105th death anniversary of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The Union Home Minister paid tribute to this pioneer of India’s freedom movement, prompting renewed discussion of his life and legacy.
Early life
Tilak was born on 23 July 1856 in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. After studying mathematics and law at Deccan College in Pune, he taught briefly before immersing himself in journalism and activism. In 1885 he co‑founded the Deccan Education Society and later helped establish Fergusson College to promote Indian‑run education.
Contributions to the freedom struggle
- Tilak popularised the slogan “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it,” inspiring millions to demand self‑rule.
- Through his newspapers Kesi (Marathi) and The Mahratta (English), he criticised British policies and educated people about their rights.
- He used cultural festivals like Ganesh Utsav and Shivaji Jayanti to mobilise masses and instil pride in Indian heritage.
- Tilak, along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal (the Lal‑Bal‑Pal trio), led the assertive or “extremist” wing of the national movement, advocating direct action rather than petitions.
- He collaborated with Annie Besant to launch the Home Rule Movement in 1916, demanding self‑government within the British Empire.
- Tilak authored scholarly works such as Gita Rahasya, Arctic Home in the Vedas and Orion, reflecting his interest in history and astronomy.
Imprisonment and differences with moderates
- Tilak faced multiple sedition charges for his writings. He was imprisoned in 1897 and again in 1908 for advocating resistance against colonial rule.
- At the 1907 Surat session of the Indian National Congress, he opposed the moderate leaders’ approach of petitions and resolutions, leading to a split in the party.
- Despite these controversies, his firm stance inspired younger revolutionaries and widened the base of the freedom struggle.
Legacy
Tilak passed away on 1 August 1920 in Mumbai. His call for Swaraj and his methods of mass mobilisation laid the groundwork for later movements like non‑cooperation and civil disobedience. He is remembered as the “Lokmanya” (approved by the people) and as one of the first leaders to assert that political rights could not be begged for but must be demanded.