Why in news?
The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly passed the Maharashtra Special Public Security (MSPS) Bill 2025, commonly known as the “Urban Maoism Bill,” to curb left‑wing extremist activities in urban areas. The Bill sparked debate over civil liberties and internal security.
Key provisions
- The Bill allows the state to declare an organisation “unlawful” if it engages in acts threatening public order or sovereignty. Membership, funding or assistance to such groups is punishable with imprisonment ranging from two to seven years and fines. Offences are non‑bailable.
- Investigations must be carried out by officers of Deputy Superintendent rank or above, and trials will be overseen by a special court.
- An advisory board, headed by a retired High Court judge, will review the government’s decisions to ban organisations.
- Amendments clarified that the Bill focuses specifically on left‑wing extremism and safeguards other forms of protest.
Context and debates
- Left‑wing extremism traditionally affected rural and forested areas, but authorities warn that urban cells organise funding, recruitment and propaganda.
- Supporters argue that the law is necessary to prevent violent plots and protect citizens.
- Critics fear it could be misused to suppress dissent and criminalise legitimate activism. They emphasise the need for transparency and judicial oversight.
Relevance for UPSC
- Governance: The Bill raises questions about balancing national security with fundamental rights.
- Internal security: Understanding how extremists adapt in urban settings is crucial for future security strategies.
- Polity: It highlights the role of state legislatures and courts in framing and reviewing security laws.
Conclusion
A robust response to extremism requires both legal tools and adherence to constitutional safeguards. The Bill’s implementation will need careful oversight to avoid misuse while addressing genuine threats.