Why in news?
Several recent studies have highlighted the role of melanin in protecting our skin against ultraviolet (UV) radiation and its potential applications in bioelectronics. Researchers are exploring melanin‑based materials for flexible batteries and bio‑sensors because of the pigment’s stability and electrical properties.
Background
Melanin is a natural pigment found in the skin, hair, eyes and some internal tissues of many organisms. In humans it is produced by specialised cells called melanocytes, which convert the amino acid tyrosine into dark‑coloured polymers. There are two main types: eumelanin, which gives black and brown colours, and pheomelanin, which produces yellow or reddish hues. The amount and type of melanin determine an individual’s skin shade.
Functions of melanin
- Sun protection: Melanin absorbs harmful ultraviolet rays, converting them into harmless heat and thereby reducing the risk of DNA damage and skin cancers.
- Skin colour: Genetic and environmental factors influence melanin production, leading to a wide range of skin tones around the world. Exposure to sunlight stimulates melanin synthesis, leading to tanning.
- Heat regulation: Darker pigmentation can help dissipate heat more effectively in warm climates, while lighter pigmentation may aid vitamin D synthesis in regions with low sunlight.
- Role in the nervous system: Neuromelanin, found in certain brain regions, is thought to protect neurons by binding metals and toxins. Loss of neuromelanin is associated with disorders such as Parkinson’s disease.
Health and cultural perspectives
- Skin conditions: Abnormal melanin production leads to disorders such as albinism (little or no melanin), vitiligo (patchy loss of pigment) and hyperpigmentation (dark patches).
- Cultural significance: Across societies, skin colour has influenced beauty standards and social status. Raising awareness about melanin helps challenge colourism and promote appreciation of natural diversity.
- Emerging technologies: The ability of melanin to conduct electricity and store charge has sparked interest in developing biodegradable batteries and biosensors, providing a green alternative to synthetic polymers.
Conclusion
Melanin is far more than a cosmetic pigment. It is a multi‑functional molecule that protects us from sunlight, plays roles in thermoregulation and the brain, and offers promise for sustainable technologies. Understanding melanin can foster healthier attitudes toward skin tone and inspire innovative materials.
Source: National Geographic