Why in news?
The World Health Organization announced in mid‑2025 that mpox, also known as monkeypox, no longer constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern due to declining case numbers. However, sporadic outbreaks continue, warranting vigilance and public education.
What is mpox?
Mpox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. It was first identified in laboratory monkeys in 1958, and the first human case was recorded in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1970. The natural reservoir is still uncertain but is thought to include rodents and other small mammals.
Symptoms and transmission
- Symptoms begin with fever, headache, muscle aches and swollen lymph nodes, followed by a rash that turns into fluid‑filled blisters. The illness is generally less severe than smallpox but can be serious in young children or immunocompromised people.
- Human‑to‑human transmission occurs through close physical contact, respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated bedding or clothing. Animal‑to‑human transmission may occur through bites, scratches or handling infected meat.
Treatment and prevention
- Most cases are mild and resolve without specific treatment. Patients are advised to rest, stay hydrated and isolate to prevent spreading the virus.
- In severe cases, antivirals developed for smallpox (such as tecovirimat) may be used. Vaccination with the smallpox vaccine offers cross‑protection and is recommended for high‑risk groups and healthcare workers.
- Public health measures include contact tracing, surveillance of wildlife reservoirs and public awareness campaigns.
Significance
Mpox outbreaks remind us that zoonotic diseases can spread quickly in a connected world. Strengthening surveillance, investing in research and maintaining vaccine stockpiles are essential for preparedness.