Why in news?
The socio‑cultural organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) marked its 100th foundation day in late September 2025. Founded in 1925, RSS has played a controversial yet influential role in Indian public life. The centenary sparked reflections on its history and contributions to society.
Origins
The RSS was founded on 27 September 1925 in Nagpur by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, a medical doctor and nationalist. Concerned about communal tensions and perceived cultural decline, Hedgewar envisioned a cadre‑based organisation that would inculcate discipline and character among Hindu youth. Early activities included physical training, group drills, study circles and social service.
Role in the freedom struggle
- Swadeshi and social reform: In its early years the RSS promoted indigenous industries, boycott of foreign goods and eradication of social evils such as untouchability.
- Civil disobedience: Many swayamsevaks participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–31) and organised protests against colonial policies. The organisation observed 26 January 1930 as Poorna Swaraj Day.
- Humanitarian work: During the Bengal famine (1943) and the partition riots (1947) RSS volunteers provided food, shelter and medical aid to victims irrespective of religion.
- Dialogue with national leaders: Hedgewar and his successor M.S. Golwalkar met Mahatma Gandhi and other leaders to explain RSS objectives. Gandhi visited RSS camps and praised their discipline, though ideological differences persisted.
Post‑independence period
After independence the RSS focused on nation‑building through social service and cultural revival. It was briefly banned after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, but courts later lifted the ban due to lack of evidence. Many swayamsevaks went on to establish associated organisations including the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951), which eventually evolved into the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The RSS runs thousands of schools, charities and relief agencies through its wider network. Critics accuse it of promoting majoritarianism, while supporters credit it with fostering community cohesion and volunteerism.