Why in News?
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan signed a Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement in September 2025, pledging that an attack on one country would be viewed as an attack on both. The pact formalises decades of defence cooperation between the two nations.
Historical Context
Riyadh and Islamabad have enjoyed close military ties since the early 1980s. Saudi pilots trained in Pakistan and Pakistani troops have long served as advisers in Saudi Arabia. The new agreement builds on the 1982 Bilateral Security Cooperation Agreement and reflects shifting geopolitical realities in West Asia, where countries are taking more responsibility for their own security amid uncertainty over US guarantees.
Key Provisions
- Mutual defence clause: Any aggression against one party is deemed aggression against both, obligating joint response.
- Comprehensive scope: Cooperation covers conventional forces and advisory roles and, although not explicitly stated, could extend to nuclear deterrence discussions.
- Institutionalisation: The pact establishes mechanisms for joint exercises, intelligence sharing and coordinated procurement.
- Economic dimension: Saudi financial assistance to Pakistan, including oil supplies and investments, supports Islamabad’s struggling economy and defence modernisation.
Implications for India
- Strategic vigilance: The agreement may allow Pakistan to seek Saudi diplomatic backing during crises with India, requiring careful monitoring.
- Balanced relations: Saudi Arabia is also a key partner for India, with bilateral trade exceeding US$ 40 billion and growing defence cooperation. Riyadh is unlikely to jeopardise these ties.
- Opportunity for diplomacy: India should deepen engagement with Saudi Arabia through joint military exercises, intelligence cooperation and energy partnerships to ensure continued neutrality in South Asian affairs.
Global Significance
- Regional realignment: The pact strengthens Saudi deterrence against Iran and signals a move towards multipolar security arrangements in the Gulf.
- Questioning US umbrella: It reflects declining confidence in US security guarantees and could encourage other Middle Eastern states to seek similar bilateral arrangements.
- Nuclear sensitivities: While nuclear sharing is unlikely, the symbolism of an Islamic security pact has raised eyebrows in Israel and the West.
Conclusion: For India, the SMDA is a reminder to stay alert but not alarmed. Strengthening ties with Riyadh and focusing on economic interdependence can help maintain balance in South Asia.