Why in news?
Japan’s release of tritium‑containing water from the Fukushima nuclear plant into the Pacific Ocean has raised global concerns. Many in India are curious about tritium, its safety and environmental impact.
What is tritium?
- Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, symbolised as ³H. It contains one proton and two neutrons and has a half‑life of about 12.3 years.
- It occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere when cosmic rays react with nitrogen and oxygen. It is also produced artificially in nuclear reactors and during nuclear weapons tests.
- Tritium emits low‑energy beta particles. External exposure is generally considered harmless because the radiation cannot penetrate skin; it becomes a health concern if ingested or inhaled.
Uses and hazards
- Tritium is used in self‑powered lighting, watch dials, exit signs and scientific research. It is also a fuel in experimental fusion reactors.
- In the environment, tritium typically binds with oxygen to form tritiated water. If released in large quantities, it can enter food chains and drinking water sources.
- Experts say that dilution and ocean currents will reduce concentrations from the Fukushima discharge to levels well below international safety limits.
Implications for India
- India operates pressurised heavy water reactors and must carefully manage tritium generated in these facilities. Regulatory agencies monitor effluents and ensure they comply with safety norms.
- The Fukushima discharge highlights the need for robust emergency preparedness and transparent communication in case of nuclear accidents.
- As nuclear energy expands, India should invest in research on tritium handling, detection and remediation technologies.