Why in news?
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment’s 2022 report revealed that most cases filed under the Protection of Civil Rights (PCR) Act, which prohibits “untouchability,” remain pending. Conviction rates are extremely low, raising concerns about enforcement.
What constitutes untouchability?
- The PCR Act 1955 punishes anyone who denies a person entry to public places, access to water sources, educational institutions or employment on grounds of caste or social status.
- It is distinct from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, which covers more severe offences such as violence and humiliation.
Key findings
- Only thirteen cases were registered under the PCR Act in 2022, down from hundreds in earlier years. This suggests under‑reporting or reluctance to file FIRs.
- About 97 % of cases filed under the Act remain pending in courts. Almost all concluded cases resulted in acquittals.
- Many states have not identified “untouchability‑prone” areas as required, indicating administrative apathy.
- In contrast, cases under the SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act have been rising, showing awareness of more serious offences but neglect of everyday discrimination.
Implications
- Low registration and conviction rates diminish the deterrent effect of the law.
- The data highlight the persistence of caste‑based discrimination despite constitutional prohibitions.
- Ineffective enforcement undermines India’s commitment to social justice and equality.
Way forward
- Increase awareness about the PCR Act among police, judiciary and the public to encourage reporting of cases.
- Strengthen training for investigating officers and ensure time‑bound trials to reduce pendency.
- Identify and monitor regions where caste discrimination persists, and engage local communities in promoting social harmony.
- Combine legal remedies with education campaigns that emphasise the dignity and rights of all citizens.
Conclusion
Untouchability remains a blot on Indian society. Vigorous enforcement of existing laws and sustained awareness campaigns are essential to eradicate this practice and realise the constitutional promise of equality.