Why in news?
The World Health Organization updated its Model List of Essential Medicines (EML) in September 2025. Notably, the update includes glucagon‑like peptide 1 (GLP‑1) receptor agonists such as semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide for patients with type‑2 diabetes, especially those who also suffer from obesity or cardiovascular and kidney disease.
What are GLP‑1 drugs?
- They mimic the action of the natural GLP‑1 hormone, enhancing insulin secretion, slowing gastric emptying and suppressing appetite.
- Originally developed to lower blood glucose in people with type‑2 diabetes, they are also effective in promoting weight loss and improving cardio‑metabolic health.
- Most formulations are injectable, though oral versions are emerging.
About the WHO Model List
- The EML, first published by the WHO in 1977, guides countries in selecting, procuring and making medicines accessible. A separate list for children was introduced in 2007.
- It includes medicines that are most effective, safe and affordable for meeting priority health needs. Over 150 countries use it to frame their own national essential medicines lists.
- The list is updated every two years based on scientific evidence and public health relevance.
- By highlighting essential medicines, the WHO encourages bulk procurement and generic production, which can lower prices.
Significance of including GLP‑1 agonists
- Addressing a dual burden: Type‑2 diabetes often coexists with obesity and heart or kidney disease. Including GLP‑1 drugs helps countries tackle multiple conditions simultaneously.
- Guiding national policies: Countries may add these drugs to their own lists, paving the way for insurance coverage and public procurement.
- Affordability challenge: GLP‑1 drugs are currently expensive and in high demand globally. WHO’s listing puts pressure on manufacturers to make them more accessible.
- Cautious use: While effective, these drugs require proper monitoring. They should not be misused as quick weight‑loss solutions without medical supervision.
