Why in news?
On 2 October 2025 armed miscreants torched over 100 houses near the Assam–Nagaland border, reigniting tensions in a decades‑old dispute. The violence displaced dozens of families and drew appeals for peace from both state governments.
Historical context
The 512‑kilometre boundary between Assam and Nagaland was drawn when Nagaland became a state in 1963. Nagaland claims that large tracts of forest historically belonged to Naga tribes and were unfairly placed in Assam. Assam insists on the constitutional boundary notified in 1972. A Disputed Area Belt (DAB) of about 66 kilometres has witnessed frequent clashes and tensions since the 1970s.
Reasons for the dispute
- Competing historical claims: Naga tribes seek restoration of ancestral lands; Assamese residents worry about losing villages and resources.
- Resource competition: The border region contains dense forests, fertile land and oil reserves that both states value.
- Weak demarcation: The colonial‑era border was not clearly surveyed, leading to ambiguous maps and overlapping village boundaries.
Attempts at resolution
- Several commissions and negotiations, including a 1972–75 commission headed by retired justice K V K Sundaram, failed to produce a mutually acceptable boundary.
- Since 1979 the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) has acted as a neutral force in the DAB to prevent escalation.
- In recent years both governments have agreed to maintain the status quo and explore out‑of‑court settlements.
Way forward
- Establish joint patrolling and early‑warning systems to prevent militant incursions.
- Set up a boundary commission with equal representation and a clear timeline for recommendations.
- Prioritise livelihood and development programmes for border residents to reduce incentives for conflict.
- Engage local communities and traditional leaders in dialogue to build trust and consensus.
Resolving the dispute peacefully will require patience, empathy and cooperation from both sides.