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Ethiopia's Ministry of Health has confirmed the country's first outbreak of Marburg virus disease (MVD) in the South Ethiopia Region. Laboratory tests identified the virus in samples from a cluster of suspected haemorrhagic fever cases in Jinka town. The outbreak has recorded nine cases so far, prompting public health measures and international support.
Background
Marburg virus disease is a severe, often fatal illness caused by the Marburg virus, a member of the Filoviridae family that also includes the Ebola virus. The virus was first identified in 1967 after laboratory outbreaks in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany and in Belgrade, Serbia. The natural reservoir is believed to be fruit bats of the genus Rousettus. Infection can spread to humans through exposure to bat excreta in caves or mines, and then from person to person via direct contact with bodily fluids or contaminated materials. There is no licensed vaccine or treatment; supportive care such as rehydration and treatment of specific symptoms improves survival.
Details of the Ethiopian outbreak
- Cases and location: Nine cases have been reported in Jinka, a town in the South Ethiopia Region. Genetic analysis indicates that the virus is closely related to strains seen in previous East African outbreaks.
- Response measures: Authorities have initiated community-wide screening, isolation of cases, contact tracing and public education campaigns. The World Health Organization and Africa CDC have deployed specialists, medical supplies and equipment to support the response.
- Clinical features: Marburg virus disease begins with high fever, severe headache, muscle pain and fatigue. Many patients develop severe bleeding within a week of symptom onset. Without supportive care the case fatality rate can exceed 80 percent.
Implications
The confirmation of MVD in Ethiopia underscores the need for vigilance against emerging infectious diseases. Rapid detection and containment are vital to prevent wider spread, particularly in regions with fragile health systems. The outbreak also highlights the importance of developing vaccines and therapeutics for filoviruses.
Sources: World Health Organization