Why in news?
Amid discussions about possible military action in Nigeria, it is important to understand the geography and natural wealth of Africa’s most populous country. Nigeria’s location, climate zones and resource endowment make it a pivotal nation in West Africa.
Background
The Federal Republic of Nigeria covers about 923,769 square kilometres in West Africa. It shares land borders with Benin to the west, Niger to the north, Chad to the northeast and Cameroon to the east, and has an 853‑km coastline along the Gulf of Guinea. With a population exceeding 200 million, it is the continent’s most populous nation and its capital is Abuja.
Geography and climate
- Diverse regions: The country consists of northern savanna and Sahel zones, central highlands such as the Jos Plateau, the Guinea savanna belt, the rainforests of the south and the swampy Niger Delta.
- Drainage systems: Nigeria’s principal rivers are the Niger and its tributary the Benue, which meet at Lokoja before emptying into the Atlantic. Other rivers include the Sokoto, Kaduna and Gongola; together they define the Niger‑Benue, Lake Chad and Gulf of Guinea basins.
- Natural resources: The Niger Delta holds vast reserves of crude oil and natural gas, making Nigeria one of the world’s leading oil exporters. Other resources include tin on the Jos Plateau, limestone, coal and fertile soils for crops like cocoa, rubber and cassava.
- Biodiversity: The rainforest belt hosts rare species such as western lowland gorillas and diverse birdlife.
Significance
- Economic influence: Oil revenues dominate Nigeria’s economy, but unequal distribution contributes to poverty and social tensions.
- Regional powerhouse: Nigeria’s large population, cultural diversity and natural resources make it a key player in African politics and economics.
- Environmental challenges: Deforestation, oil spills and desertification threaten ecosystems; sustainable management is crucial for long‑term prosperity.
Sources: National Geographic Kids, World Atlas