Why in news?
Peru has been in the spotlight due to a combination of economic reforms and cultural heritage preservation initiatives. The country recently unveiled plans to limit tourist numbers at Machu Picchu to protect the iconic Inca citadel from overuse, while also negotiating new trade agreements to boost its mining and agricultural sectors.
Background
Located on South America’s western coast, Peru is home to diverse landscapes ranging from the arid Pacific coast to the towering Andes mountains and the Amazon rainforest. The region was the cradle of ancient civilisations such as the Norte Chico, Moche and, most famously, the Inca. Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in the 16th century, incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of Peru. Today, Peru is a multi‑ethnic republic with a population exceeding 33 million. Its capital, Lima, blends colonial architecture with modern skyscrapers.
Key facts
- Political structure: Peru is a presidential representative democracy. The President serves as both head of state and government, supported by a unicameral Congress.
- Economy: The country is rich in mineral resources, including copper, silver, gold and lithium. Agriculture (such as coffee, quinoa and asparagus), fishing and tourism also contribute significantly to GDP. However, inequality and informal employment remain high.
- Cultural heritage: Peru boasts numerous UNESCO World Heritage sites, including Machu Picchu, the historic centre of Arequipa and the Nazca Lines. Traditional festivals, woven textiles and Andean music showcase the country’s indigenous roots.
- Biodiversity: The Peruvian Amazon hosts thousands of plant and animal species, making the country one of the world’s most biodiverse. Protecting these ecosystems is a national priority.
Current issues
- Political instability: In recent years Peru has seen frequent changes in leadership and protests over corruption and governance.
- Environmental concerns: Illegal mining and logging threaten ecosystems, while climate change is melting Andean glaciers that supply water to cities.
- Indigenous rights: Indigenous communities seek greater control over land and resources and recognition of their cultural heritage.
Conclusion
Peru is a land of contrasts, where ancient traditions coexist with modern development. Balancing economic growth with environmental protection and social inclusion will be critical to ensuring that its rich history and natural wonders endure for generations.
Source: Encyclopædia Britannica