Why in news?
New geophysical research on Bolivia’s dormant Uturuncu volcano revealed that its mysterious ground uplift is driven by hot fluids, not rising magma. Scientists used seismic tomography and other techniques to map the volcano’s interior, allaying fears of an imminent eruption.
Background
Uturuncu is a stratovolcano in the Andes of southwest Bolivia. It towers about 6,008 metres above sea level and has not erupted for roughly 250,000 years. Satellite data collected since the 1990s showed a “sombrero” pattern of ground deformation: the central area was slowly rising while the surrounding ring subsided. This unusual behaviour led to speculation that magma was accumulating beneath the volcano.
Key findings
- Fluid movement, not magma: The study found that the uplift is caused by hot fluids—likely water and gases—that rise through narrow fractures, pool beneath the surface and then spread outwards, causing the centre to bulge and the edges to sink.
- Low eruption risk: Researchers concluded that no large body of molten rock is currently rising toward the surface. Instead, the fluids originate from the Altiplano–Puna magma body located deeper in the crust. This means Uturuncu is unlikely to erupt in the near future.
- Improved hazard models: Combining seismic data, gravity measurements and electrical conductivity maps allows volcanologists to distinguish between magma intrusion and fluid migration. Such models are essential for monitoring other volcanoes worldwide.
Significance
- Public reassurance: Local communities had been concerned about possible eruptions. The findings provide reassurance while highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring.
- Scientific insight: The study sheds light on how dormant volcanoes can remain active below the surface, with fluids influencing ground motion without leading to eruptions.
- Global applicability: Understanding the role of fluids in volcanic uplift helps scientists interpret similar signals at other volcanoes and improves hazard assessment strategies worldwide.
Conclusion
Uturuncu’s gentle swelling is not a sign of impending doom but a window into the hidden workings of the Earth’s crust. Continued research and monitoring will help scientists anticipate volcanic hazards and educate communities living near dormant peaks.