ALMA Telescope – Exploring the Milky Way’s Heart

Eligible Manufacturer Importers (EMIs) Scheme

Why in news?

The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) has issued guidelines for a new Eligible Manufacturer Importers (EMI) scheme. Announced in the Union Budget 2026–27 and formalised through Circular 08/2026‑Customs on 28 February 2026, the scheme allows approved manufacturers to clear imported goods without paying customs duty at the time of import. Instead, duties can be paid monthly, improving cash flow for domestic industries. The scheme opens for online applications on 1 March 2026 and will operate from 1 April 2026 to 31 March 2028.

Background

Customs duties collected at ports often tie up working capital for manufacturers who import raw materials or components. To ease this burden and encourage compliance, the EMI scheme offers a deferred payment facility. It builds on the existing Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) programme, which grants trusted traders faster clearances and simplified procedures. CBIC has defined eligibility criteria relating to the applicant’s tax compliance, turnover, financial standing and track record.

Key features

• Deferred duty payment: Approved manufacturer importers may release goods without immediate payment of customs duty. The accumulated duty is settled in monthly instalments under the Deferred Payment of Import Duty Rules, 2016.
• Eligibility: Applicants must be existing AEO‑T1 entities – including micro, small and medium enterprises – or manufacturers who meet specified customs and goods‑and‑services tax (GST) compliance standards. Financial soundness and a clean track record are essential.
• Validity: The facility is offered from 1 April 2026 until 31 March 2028. Participants are expected to upgrade to AEO‑T2 or AEO‑T3 status during this period, gaining further benefits such as priority treatment and faster clearances.
• Ease of doing business: By reducing the upfront financial burden, the scheme aims to boost domestic manufacturing and promote wider participation in the AEO programme. It operates on a trust‑based model, rewarding compliant importers while strengthening customs’ risk‑management systems.

Significance

• Improved cash flow: Deferred duty payment frees up working capital, enabling manufacturers to invest in production, innovation and job creation.
• Enhanced compliance: Linking the scheme to eligibility criteria encourages businesses to maintain good tax records. It nudges participants toward higher levels of the AEO programme, which demand robust internal controls and promote supply‑chain security.
• Competitiveness: Simplified procedures and faster clearances improve ease of doing business in India and make domestic manufacturing more competitive in global markets.

Conclusion

The EMI scheme demonstrates the government’s commitment to facilitating trade while ensuring compliance. By offering deferred customs duty payments, it helps trusted manufacturers manage their finances more efficiently and supports India’s push toward a manufacturing‑led economy. Businesses that adhere to regulatory standards can expect smoother import processes and greater access to the benefits of the AEO programme.

Source: Press Information Bureau

Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary and the Indian Bison Fest

Why in news?

The Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary in Odisha will host the second edition of the “Indian Bison Fest” on 8–9 March 2026. The Hirakud Wildlife Division has expanded the event to include night camping, guided safaris, expert talks on gaur behaviour and conservation, stargazing sessions and treks. The festival celebrates the growing population of Indian bison – locally known as ‘gayala’ – in the Debrigarh‑Hirakud landscape and aims to promote eco‑tourism and awareness among students, researchers and nature enthusiasts.

Background

The Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary lies in the Bargarh district of western Odisha, close to the Hirakud Dam on the Mahanadi River. This protected area is associated with the freedom fighter Veer Surendra Sai, who used the nearby hills as his base during the rebellion against the British. The sanctuary is characterised by mixed and dry deciduous forests interspersed with grasslands. It shelters a variety of wildlife including Indian leopards, sloth bears, sambar deer, four‑horned antelope and gaurs (Indian bison). Migratory birds flock to its wetlands during winter, while crested serpent eagles, drongos and bulbuls inhabit the forest all year round.

Highlights of the festival

• Immersive experience: The two‑day event features discussions on gaur ecology, wildlife film screenings, guided safaris and night camping under clear skies. Participants will observe constellations such as the Saptarishi Mandal and Orion and trek to nearby Bat Island, home to a large colony of fruit bats.
• Conservation success: Recent census data show a steady rise in the gaur population, with around 848 animals recorded in January 2026 – including many juveniles. This indicates healthy breeding and effective habitat management.
• Eco‑tourism benefits: The previous edition of the festival attracted hundreds of visitors and members of eco‑development committees. Local communities benefit from employment opportunities linked to wildlife tourism and bison conservation.

About the Indian bison (Gaur)

• Largest wild cattle: The Indian bison, or gaur, is the largest living bovine. Males have robust bodies, strong limbs and a prominent grey ridge between their horns. Adults can stand up to two metres at the shoulder.
• Habitat and range: Gaurs inhabit evergreen, semi‑evergreen and moist deciduous forests across India and Southeast Asia. They prefer hilly terrain with abundant forage and water sources.
• Conservation status: The species is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss, hunting and disease transmission from cattle.

Conclusion

The Indian Bison Fest showcases how conservation and community engagement can work together. Debrigarh’s improving gaur numbers illustrate the success of targeted habitat management, while the festival raises awareness and fosters eco‑tourism. By celebrating the bison and their habitat, the event encourages long‑term support for wildlife protection and sustainable livelihoods.

Source: The New Indian Express

Kosi River – The ‘Sorrow of Bihar’

Why in news?

A recent feature on the Kosi River highlighted how this Himalayan river has shifted its course westward by more than 100 kilometres over the past two centuries. Its unpredictable shifting and heavy sediment load make it prone to sudden flooding, earning it the nickname “Sorrow of Bihar”. These floods impact millions of people each year, causing destruction yet also depositing fertile alluvial soil across the plains.

Background

The Kosi originates in the Himalayas of Tibet and Nepal. It is formed by the confluence of three main streams – the Sun Kosi, Arun and Tamur – collectively known as the Sapta Kosi system. The river flows south‑east through Nepal before entering Bihar, eventually joining the Ganga in Katihar district. Over centuries it has wandered across its broad alluvial fan, creating a maze of old channels. Heavy monsoon rains and landslides upstream carry enormous amounts of silt, which raise the riverbed and push the stream into new paths. When embankments fail or the river breaks through them, the resulting floods inundate vast areas.

Why the Kosi is called the ‘Sorrow of Bihar’

• Course shifting: The river has migrated westward by over 100 km in the past 200 years. Sudden shifts force floodwaters into populated areas, washing away villages, crops and infrastructure.
• Frequent floods: The heavy sediment load raises the riverbed, reducing its carrying capacity. When embankments breach – as in the severe 2008 flood – millions of people are displaced. The destruction, loss of life and disruption to livelihoods have led locals to describe it as Bihar’s sorrow.
• Dual nature: Despite its destructive floods, the Kosi also brings fertile alluvium that sustains agriculture in north Bihar. Farmers rely on the nutrient‑rich soil to grow maize, wheat and pulses, making the river both a threat and a lifeline.

Significance and challenges

• Transboundary management: Since the Kosi flows through China (Tibet), Nepal and India, effective flood control requires cooperation on embankment maintenance, sediment management and early warning systems across borders.
• Infrastructure and livelihoods: Embankments and barrages such as the Kosi Barrage seek to control the river, but they can also trap sediment and increase flood risk. Balanced approaches that include floodplains for natural dispersion may reduce damage while sustaining agriculture and fisheries.
• Climate change: Changing rainfall patterns and glacial melt in the Himalayas could further alter the river’s behaviour. Strengthening disaster preparedness and developing resilient farming practices are essential for communities in the Kosi basin.

Conclusion

The Kosi River is a powerful force shaping the landscape and livelihoods of north Bihar. Its frequent floods have earned it a fearful reputation, yet its sediments nourish one of India’s most productive agricultural regions. Understanding the river’s dynamics and implementing cooperative, adaptive flood management will help turn the Sorrow of Bihar into a more sustainable lifeline.

Source: India Today

Bureau of Energy Efficiency – 25th Foundation Day

Why in news?

On 1 March 2026 the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) celebrated its 25th Foundation Day at the India Habitat Centre in New Delhi. Union Minister of Power and Housing & Urban Affairs Shri Manohar Lal unveiled a special “BEE@25” logo, launched a mobile app for the BEE star‑label programme and introduced the Renewable Consumption Obligation (RCO) portal. Senior officials used the occasion to highlight BEE’s achievements in reducing energy intensity, lowering emissions and contributing to India’s climate commitments.

Background

The Bureau of Energy Efficiency is a statutory body created in 2002 under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. Operating under the Ministry of Power, its primary objective is to promote efficient use of energy across all sectors. BEE develops standards and labelling for appliances, sets energy performance norms for industries and buildings, coordinates programmes with state agencies and raises awareness about conservation. By improving energy efficiency, BEE helps lower the energy intensity of India’s economy, reduce greenhouse‑gas emissions and enhance energy security.

Key initiatives highlighted

• Renewable Consumption Obligation (RCO) portal: A new digital platform to track and facilitate compliance with renewable energy purchase obligations. It streamlines reporting and improves coordination among stakeholders.
• Star Label mobile app: Developed with support from CLASP, the app allows consumers to scan QR codes on star‑labelled appliances to access authentic information on energy performance. This transparency encourages consumers to choose efficient products.
• Carbon markets and PAT scheme: The Minister emphasised the transition to a Carbon Credit Trading Scheme that builds on the Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) programme. PAT assigns industry‑specific targets and allows trading of excess savings, incentivising companies to exceed efficiency goals.
• Other initiatives: Programmes such as the Standards & Labelling Scheme, Energy Conservation Building Code, cooling efficiency measures, the ADEETIE scheme for micro‑, small‑ and medium‑sized enterprises, and fuel efficiency norms for vehicles were cited as pivotal in reducing India’s emissions intensity.

Significance

• Meeting climate goals: India has reduced the emissions intensity of its GDP by roughly one‑third from 2005 levels. Enhanced energy efficiency helps the country meet nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement and supports the goal of Viksit Bharat @ 2047 – a developed and self‑reliant India.
• Economic and environmental benefits: Every unit of electricity saved avoids the need for new generation capacity, lowering costs and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. Efficient appliances and buildings reduce household expenses and improve comfort.
• Innovation and awareness: Initiatives like the BEE Star Label app empower consumers to make informed choices. Carbon market reforms encourage industries to innovate and adopt cleaner technologies.

Conclusion

Celebrating 25 years of progress, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency reaffirms its commitment to advancing energy conservation in India. By strengthening programmes, embracing digital tools and expanding outreach, BEE aims to make energy efficiency the “first fuel” of the economy, ensuring sustainable growth and a cleaner future.

Source: Press Information Bureau

Sulphur Dioxide Emissions from Steel Plants

Why in news?

A study by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), released on 27 February 2026, reveals that India still lacks national standards for sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from steel‑making operations such as sinter plants and mill stacks. The report focuses on the Bokaro Steel Plant in Jharkhand, finding that its emissions contribute to low birthweight and preterm births in nearby communities and impose economic costs of about US$80 million annually. CREA warns that India’s expanding steel industry must adopt stricter pollution controls to protect public health and the environment.

Background on sulphur dioxide

Sulphur dioxide is a colourless gas with a sharp, irritating smell. It is produced when fossil fuels containing sulphur are burned and during industrial processes such as smelting or paper pulping. At high concentrations SO₂ can irritate the eyes and respiratory system, trigger asthma and contribute to cardiovascular problems. In the atmosphere, it reacts to form sulphate aerosols that reduce visibility and acid rain that harms vegetation, soils and aquatic ecosystems. Natural sources include volcanic eruptions, but human activities are the dominant source.

Findings of the CREA report

• Health impacts: Emissions from the Bokaro plant were linked to approximately 270 low‑birthweight babies, 280 preterm births and dozens of new cases of child asthma each year. In adults, the emissions contributed to around 170 premature deaths and nearly 300 asthma‑related emergency visits annually. The report highlights that children are particularly sensitive to air pollution.
• Economic costs: Health problems caused by pollution lead to lost productivity and health‑care expenses. CREA estimates an annual economic burden of nearly US$80 million (about ₹640 crore) in the region around the plant.
• Regulatory gaps: Despite the steel industry being classified as highly polluting, India has no nationwide SO₂ emission standards for steel plants. Only a few ducts at the Bokaro facility have efficient electrostatic precipitators; others use outdated dust collectors. Continuous emission monitoring systems mandated by the Central Pollution Control Board are poorly implemented.
• Broader relevance: The steel sector is expanding, with plans to increase capacity from 200 million to 300 million tonnes by 2030. Without stringent controls, SO₂ and other pollutants will rise, posing risks to health and the economy. CREA emphasises the need for emission standards, public transparency and cleaner technologies.

Conclusion

Sulphur dioxide pollution from steel plants is a serious but solvable problem. Establishing national emission standards, upgrading pollution‑control equipment and enforcing continuous monitoring will protect communities and support sustainable industrial growth. The CREA report underscores that India does not need to follow a “pollute now, clean up later” path; with available technologies, greener steel production can begin today.

Source: Down To Earth / CREA report

India Meteorological Department – Heatwave Forecast

Why in news?

In its monthly forecast issued on 28 February 2026, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) warned that an above‑normal number of heatwave days is likely across most of the country between March and May. Regions expected to face intense heat include West Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, south and east Maharashtra, east Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Gangetic West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and parts of north Karnataka and north Tamil Nadu. The agency noted that February rainfall was the lowest since 2001 and no cold waves were recorded that month.

Background

The India Meteorological Department, established in 1875, is the national agency responsible for weather forecasting, meteorological observations and issuing warnings for natural hazards such as cyclones, floods and heatwaves. It functions under the Ministry of Earth Sciences and operates a network of observation stations across India and Antarctica. IMD also serves as a Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre of the World Meteorological Organization for monitoring and naming tropical cyclones in the Northern Indian Ocean.

Key points from the forecast

• Heatwave outlook: More heatwave days are expected over large swathes of India between March and May. In March, temperatures may be normal or below normal in many areas, but extreme heat is likely later in the season.
• Rainfall deficit: February 2026 saw the lowest rainfall since 2001, contributing to warmer conditions. The forecast suggests that average rainfall in March could help moderate temperatures in some regions.
• Lack of cold waves: IMD reported that no cold waves occurred across the country in February, indicating a warm end to the winter season.

Implications

• Public health: Heatwaves can cause heatstroke, dehydration and exacerbate existing illnesses, especially among vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children and outdoor workers. States are advised to implement heat‑action plans, ensure access to drinking water and open cooling centres where necessary.
• Agriculture: High temperatures during the Rabi harvest and early Kharif sowing could stress crops and livestock. Farmers may need to adjust irrigation schedules and adopt drought‑tolerant varieties.
• Urban planning: Cities should prepare for heat emergencies by increasing green cover, improving ventilation in buildings and providing shading in public spaces.

Conclusion

The IMD’s forecast underscores the growing impact of heatwaves in India’s warming climate. Proactive measures – including community awareness, health interventions and climate‑resilient infrastructure – can reduce the risks posed by extreme heat. As climate variability intensifies, timely forecasts and preparedness will be crucial to safeguarding lives and livelihoods.

Source: The Hindu

Pilibhit Tiger Reserve – Tiger Death and Conservation

Why in news?

An adult male tiger, approximately six to seven years old, was found dead near the Dhamela watchtower in the Mala forest range of Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR) on 2 March 2026. This is the twenty‑seventh tiger death reported in the reserve since 2012. A patrol team discovered the carcass and informed senior officials. The absence of external injuries and intact claws suggests that poisoning is unlikely; canine distemper, a viral disease spread by feral dogs, is suspected. Samples have been sent to the Indian Veterinary Research Institute for testing.

Background

Pilibhit Tiger Reserve is located in the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh along the India–Nepal border. Established as a tiger reserve in 2014, it forms part of the Terai Arc Landscape in the upper Gangetic plain. The reserve encompasses diverse habitats including tropical moist and dry deciduous forests, swampy grasslands and riverine areas. It is the source of the Gomti River and also hosts the Sharda Sagar Dam on the Sharda River. The lush Sal woodlands and interspersed meadows support tigers, swamp deer, Bengal floricans, leopards, hog deer and a variety of birds and reptiles. Pilibhit has been recognised for successful tiger conservation, with the population increasing in recent years.

Details of the incident

• Carcass discovery: Forest guards spotted the immobile tiger and alerted officials. Senior officers from PTR inspected the site and confirmed the death.
• Suspected cause: Canine distemper, a contagious disease transmitted by domestic dogs and wild canids, is under investigation. Initial veterinary examination did not indicate poisoning. Testing is ongoing to confirm the cause.
• Historical context: Between May 2012 and June 2024, 26 tiger deaths were recorded in the district. No deaths were reported in the 2024–25 and 2025–26 seasons until this case. The reserve has also recorded 16 leopard deaths since 2018. The number of tiger fatalities in Pilibhit exceeds the current tiger population in some other reserves, highlighting the importance of disease management and anti‑poaching measures.

Significance and conservation measures

• Disease control: If canine distemper is confirmed, authorities plan to vaccinate feral dogs in nearby villages to prevent transmission to wild carnivores. Regular health monitoring and early detection are essential.
• Habitat protection: PTR’s varied landscapes provide critical habitat for tigers and other species. Protecting corridors, preventing encroachment and managing human–wildlife interactions are vital to sustaining populations.
• Awareness and community involvement: Local communities must be engaged in conservation through outreach programmes, compensation for livestock losses and sustainable livelihood initiatives. This builds support for tiger protection and reduces conflict.

Conclusion

The death of a tiger in Pilibhit serves as a reminder that conservation successes are fragile. Ongoing vigilance, disease management and community cooperation are necessary to safeguard India’s national animal. By strengthening protection efforts while addressing root causes of mortality, Pilibhit Tiger Reserve can continue to be a stronghold for tigers in the Terai region.

Source: The Times of India