Why in news?
Health experts have been warning that subtle changes in our skin can signal a deficiency of vitamin B12 long before serious neurological symptoms appear. Media reports have highlighted cases where hyper‑pigmented or pale skin led doctors to diagnose a B12 shortage. Recognising these early signs is important because untreated deficiency can lead to irreversible nerve damage.
Background
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water‑soluble vitamin essential for forming red blood cells, maintaining nerve sheaths and synthesising DNA. Our bodies cannot produce it; we must obtain it from animal products such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy or from fortified foods and supplements. Adults need about 2–3 µg per day. Deficiency arises when diets lack animal products (common among vegans and some vegetarians), when the stomach cannot absorb B12 due to conditions like pernicious anaemia or surgical removal of parts of the gut, and in older adults with reduced stomach acid. Over time a shortage impairs red blood cell formation, causing megaloblastic anaemia, and damages nerves, leading to tingling, balance problems and cognitive decline.
Skin manifestations and other symptoms
- Hyper‑pigmentation: Some people develop dark patches on the hands, feet or inside the mouth. Doctors believe this occurs because inadequate B12 disrupts melanin production and oxygen delivery to skin cells, causing uneven pigmentation.
- Pale or yellowish skin: Deficiency reduces red blood cell production, leading to paleness or a jaundiced appearance. The skin may also become dry and flaky due to poor circulation.
- Cracked mouth corners and sore tongue: Inflammation of the tongue (glossitis) and cracked corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis) are common, reflecting impaired cell turnover.
- Hair and nail changes: Lack of B12 can result in brittle nails, hair loss or premature greying because new cells cannot divide properly without sufficient vitamin.
- Other symptoms: Chronic fatigue, shortness of breath, numbness in hands and feet, memory lapses and mood changes are typical of more advanced deficiency.
Addressing deficiency
- Dietary sources: Consume foods rich in B12 such as poultry, fish, red meat, eggs, milk and yoghurt. Vegetarians and vegans should opt for fortified breakfast cereals, plant milks or nutritional yeast.
- Supplements and injections: People with malabsorption or very low levels may need oral supplements or intramuscular injections prescribed by a doctor.
- Regular screening: Elderly people, pregnant women and strict vegetarians should periodically check their B12 levels. Early detection prevents anaemia and nerve damage.
- Medical supervision: Never self‑treat with high‑dose supplements without medical advice. Excessive B12 is usually excreted, but underlying conditions need professional evaluation.
Conclusion
Though skin changes may seem cosmetic, they can provide an important warning of vitamin B12 deficiency. Paying attention to these signs, eating a balanced diet and seeking medical guidance help prevent long‑term complications.
Source: The Times of India – Health News
