Where is Afghanistan?
Afghanistan is a landlocked country located in south‑central Asia at the crossroads of the Middle East, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Its location has made it a historical gateway and battleground for empires.
Geography and neighbours
- Neighbouring countries: Afghanistan shares borders with Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to the north, and a narrow border with China to the northeast via the Wakhan Corridor.
- Terrain: The country is dominated by the rugged Hindu Kush mountain range, which splits into numerous valleys. Deserts and arid plains lie in the south and west. Major rivers include the Amu Darya in the north, the Helmand in the southwest and the Kabul River in the east.
- Seismic activity: Afghanistan lies on the boundary between the Eurasian and Indian plates, making it prone to earthquakes and landslides.
Capital and people
- Capital: Kabul sits along the Kabul River in a narrow valley surrounded by mountains. It is the cultural, economic and political centre of the country.
- Ethnic diversity: Afghans include Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmen and many smaller groups. Multiple languages are spoken, including Dari (Persian), Pashto, Uzbek and Turkmen.
Significance for India
Afghanistan has been a key partner in regional connectivity initiatives such as the Chabahar port and the International North–South Transport Corridor. Stability in Afghanistan affects India’s security and trade with Central Asia. Humanitarian assistance and development projects such as schools, dams and hospitals have been pillars of India’s engagement.