Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation

Why in news?

Background

The Bay of Bengal links South Asia with Southeast Asia; it supports shipping, fishing, energy transport and coastal livelihoods.

Countries around this space also face cyclones, trafficking and maritime crime.

Regional cooperation can address problems that no single country can manage alone.

The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation serves this purpose and is shortened to BIMSTEC.

Which countries are members?

BIMSTEC has seven member states.

• Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka are South Asian; Myanmar and Thailand are Southeast Asian.

The grouping therefore connects five South Asian countries with two Southeast Asian countries.

Bhutan and Nepal do not border the Bay of Bengal directly.

Membership reflects regional cooperation, not only coastlines; the permanent BIMSTEC Secretariat is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

How did BIMSTEC develop?

1. Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand signed the Bangkok Declaration on 6 June 1997.
2. The first name was Bangladesh–India–Sri Lanka–Thailand Economic Cooperation, or BIST-EC.
3. Myanmar joined on 22 December 1997; the name became BIMST-EC, with M representing Myanmar.
4. Bhutan and Nepal joined during 2004, before the first summit in Bangkok on 31 July.
5. Leaders then endorsed the present BIMSTEC name.
6. A permanent Secretariat was established in Dhaka in 2014; cooperation was reorganised into seven sectors in 2021.
7. Leaders adopted the Charter on 30 March 2022; it entered into force on 20 May 2024.

The Charter gives the grouping a clearer legal and institutional foundation.

Its entry into force also permits structured external partnerships and future observers.

What does “multi-sectoral” mean?

BIMSTEC began with six cooperation sectors in 1997; its work later expanded into 14 priority areas.

This wide structure created overlap and coordination problems; members reorganised the work under seven broader sectors in 2021.

Each member now leads one main sector.

What does India lead?

India leads BIMSTEC’s Security sector, which contains three official sub-sectors.

• Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime covers terrorism and cross-border criminal networks.
• Disaster Management covers preparedness, response and recovery cooperation.
• Energy covers regional energy security and related coordination.

Maritime, cyber and space security discussions also operate within the wider security framework.

India’s leadership explains its central role in the New Delhi meeting.

What happened at the fifth National Security Chiefs’ meeting?

The meeting was held in New Delhi on 16 July 2026.

India’s National Security Adviser Ajit Doval hosted and chaired it; the title is shortened to NSA.

Representatives reviewed traditional and emerging threats, including terrorism, organised crime, cyber security and maritime security.

Energy security, connectivity and disaster management also received attention.

The talks aimed to improve coordination without creating a combined regional force.

What maritime disaster-relief document was adopted?

Members adopted maritime guidelines for Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, shortened to HADR.

Humanitarian assistance provides urgent support; disaster relief includes rescue, evacuation, supplies and restoration of essential services.

The maritime component concerns help delivered through ships, aircraft and coastal facilities.

Common guidelines can improve planning before cyclones, tsunamis or other emergencies.

They can also clarify communication, coordination and requests for assistance.

What other maritime principles were endorsed?

Members endorsed guiding principles for Maritime Law Enforcement Agencies, shortened to MLEAs.

MLEAs can include coast guards, marine police and other authorised agencies; the principles concern their interactions at sea.

Shared conduct standards can reduce misunderstandings during close encounters and support predictable, professional communication.

Why does maritime security matter here?

• The Bay carries important commercial and energy shipping.
• Coastal populations depend upon fisheries and marine resources.
• Cyclones regularly affect several member countries.
• Trafficking networks can move people, weapons and narcotics across borders.
• Cyber attacks can disrupt ports, shipping and energy infrastructure.
• Unclear conduct at sea can create avoidable tensions.

Information sharing and regular exercises can improve early response.

However, members must still act under national law and agreed international rules.

How is BIMSTEC different from SAARC?

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is shortened to SAARC.

SAARC is a South Asian organisation with a different membership.

BIMSTEC links South Asia and Southeast Asia around the Bay of Bengal.

It includes Myanmar and Thailand but does not include Pakistan.

The two organisations are separate; BIMSTEC is not a renamed SAARC.

What limits regional cooperation?

• Members have different political systems and security priorities.
• Infrastructure links remain incomplete in several areas.
• Decisions often require consensus and patient implementation.
• Domestic instability can delay regional commitments.
• Documents must become exercises, procedures and usable networks.

The fifth meeting produced useful common references; their real test will come during emergencies and complex maritime interactions.

Conclusion

The New Delhi meeting strengthened BIMSTEC’s security agenda; implementation will decide whether its maritime documents improve regional trust.