Why in news?
Scientists have announced progress in developing a vaccine against the Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV), offering hope for preventing infectious mononucleosis and EBV‑related cancers. The virus infects most people worldwide, yet no vaccine currently exists.
Background
EBV, also called human herpesvirus 4, is one of the most common human viruses. It spreads mainly through saliva and infects B cells and epithelial cells in the throat. Most infections occur in childhood and are asymptomatic. When infection happens in adolescence or adulthood it can cause infectious mononucleosis, also known as “mono” or the “kissing disease”.
Symptoms and complications
- Infectious mononucleosis: Symptoms include fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen and sometimes an enlarged liver. Recovery usually takes several weeks.
- Persistent infection: After the initial illness, EBV remains dormant in B cells for life. It can reactivate without causing symptoms and can be shed in saliva.
- Associated cancers: EBV is linked to several cancers, including Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Researchers are also investigating connections to multiple sclerosis.
- Transmission and prevention: EBV spreads through kissing, sharing drinks or utensils and, less commonly, sexual contact and blood transfusions. There is no vaccine; prevention relies on avoiding saliva contact and practicing good hygiene.
Vaccine research
Developing a vaccine against EBV is challenging because the virus hides inside B cells and reactivates intermittently. Researchers are exploring mRNA and protein‑based vaccines that target viral envelope proteins and the B cell infection process. Early trials in animals have shown promising immune responses. A safe, effective vaccine could prevent mononucleosis and reduce the burden of EBV‑associated cancers.
Conclusion
The Epstein–Barr Virus infects almost everyone, usually without causing serious illness. However, its links to cancer make it a significant public health concern. Continued research into vaccines and antiviral therapies offers hope that future generations may be protected from this ubiquitous virus.
Source: DD News
