Environment & Ecology PYQs

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1. Prelims 2026Q22Protected Areas & Conservation

   With reference to Madhav National Park, which of the following statements is/are correct ?

   1.It was declared a Tiger Reserve in India in 2025.

   2.Sakhya Sagar, which is designated as a Ramsar Site, is situated within this National Park.

   3.Its area is shared between Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

   Select the answer using the code given below :

   a1 onlyb1 and 2c2 and 3d3 only
2. Prelims 2026Q26Biodiversity & Species

   Consider the following statements about Rhynchostylis retusa (Foxtail orchid) :

   1.It is an epiphytic orchid.

   2.The species is endemic to North-east India.

   3.It is the State flower of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.

   Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

   a1 onlyb1 and 3c2 and 3d3 only
3. Prelims 2026Q28Sustainable Agriculture & Development

   At the United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC) held in June, 2025 in France, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations demonstrated its leading voice on marine and ocean issues, especially on sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for resilient livelihood and “Blue Transformation”.

   Which of the following combinations about the “Four Betters” proposed by FAO for “Blue Transformation” is correct ?

   aBetter production, better nutrition, better environment and better oceanbBetter production, better nutrition, better environment and better lifecBetter coral reefs, better nutrition, better environment and better lifedBetter estuaries, better nutrition, better environment and better mangrove vegetation
4. Prelims 2026Q30Climate Change

   Which one of the following is the first Plan Vivo certified Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) project in India ?

   aUttarakhand REDD+ projectbICFRE-ICIMOD Transboundary REDD+ project in North-Eastern HimalayascKhasi Hills Community REDD+ projectdSikkim Mamley Kamrang Community REDD+ project
5. Prelims 2026Q31Climate Change

   Consider the following statements with reference to India’s response to climate change :

   I.India’s Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) is a crucial tool for achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.

   II.India’s 4th Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) submitted in December, 2024 recorded around 8% decrease in Greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 over 2019.

   III.Climate-resilient development necessarily depends on quick and short-term achievement of emission reduction targets.

   Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct ?

   1.Statement I is empirically supported by statement II.

   2.Statement III contradicts the approach implicit in statement I.

   3.Statement I and statement III together establish the premise of long-term sustainability.

   Select the answer using the code given below :

   a1 onlyb1 and 2c2 and 3d3 only
6. Prelims 2026Q32Biodiversity & Species

   With respect to the Western Hoolock Gibbons, which of the following statements is/are correct ?

   1.A Sanctuary in North-east India is home to this ape species listed as Endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.

   2.They have specialized brachiation and can easily swing between trees.

   3.They possess a strong and heavy build like gorillas, yet are remarkably agile tree climbers.

   Select the answer using the code given below :

   a1 onlyb1 and 2c2 and 3d3 only
7. Prelims 2026Q33Ecology & Ecosystems

   Which of the following best explain(s) the rationale for protecting mangrove ecosystems in the context of climate resilience ?

   1.Mangroves reduce tidal energy and store freshwater, making them ideal sites for paddy cultivation in saline estuarine belts.

   2.Their salt-sensitive roots filter seawater, making mangroves key to converting coastal land into freshwater aquaculture zones.

   3.By withstanding tidal surges and offering biomass resources, mangroves function both as natural bio-shields and livelihood bases for rural communities.

   Select the answer using the code given below :

   a1 onlyb1 and 2c2 and 3d3 only
8. Prelims 2026Q37Biodiversity & Species

   Which of the following statements with regard to the arrival of Amur Falcons at Doyang Lake in Nagaland each year from Mongolia is/are correct ?

   1.It showcases how sustained local conservation efforts can contribute to the arrival and protection of international migratory birds.

   2.It reflects the global success of advanced tracking technologies that guide migratory birds back to their stopover sites.

   3.It confirms that Amur Falcons have adapted to permanent residency in India due to favourable habitat changes.

   Select the answer using the code given below :

   a1 onlyb1 and 2c2 and 3d3 only
9. Prelims 2026Q38Sustainable Agriculture & Development

   Which among the following is/are the objective(s) of the Rainfed Area Development (RAD) initiative under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) ?

   1.Encouraging monoculture in rainfed areas

   2.Increasing rice cultivation in irrigated regions

   3.Enhancing productivity and minimising climatic risks through Integrated Farming Systems (IFS)

   Select the answer using the code given below :

   a1 onlyb1 and 2c2 and 3d3 only
10. Prelims 2026Q42Indian Environmental Laws & Bodies

    Which of the following statements in relation to NIRANTAR (National Institute for Research and Application of Natural Resources to Transform, Adapt and Build Resilience), a platform of institutions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, is/are correct ?

    1.Ecosystem Survey and Analysis is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.

    2.Research and Management of Ecosystem Service is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi.

    3.Capacity Development Support is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal.

    Select the answer using the code given below :

    a1, 2 and 3b1 and 3 onlyc2 onlyd3 only
11. Prelims 2026Q70Renewable Energy

    Which of the following statements with regard to Green Hydrogen is/are correct ?

    1.It is decarbonized hydrogen obtained from natural gas reforming combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS).

    2.It is produced using electrolysis of water with electricity generated by renewable energy.

    3.National Green Hydrogen Mission of India aims for abatement of nearly 50 MMT of annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.

    Select the answer using the code given below :

    a1 onlyb2 and 3 onlyc2 onlyd1, 2 and 3
12. Prelims 2025Q9Sustainable Agriculture & Development

    Consider the following statements :

    Statement I :

    Circular economy reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases.

    Statement II :

    Circular economy reduces the use of raw materials as inputs.

    Statement III :

    Circular economy reduces wastage in the production process.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    aBoth Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement IbBoth Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement IcOnly one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement IdNeither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
13. Prelims 2025Q31Climate Change

    Consider the following statements :

    Statement I :

    Studies indicate that carbon dioxide emissions from cement industry account for more than 5% of global carbon emissions.

    Statement II :

    Silica-bearing clay is mixed with limestone while manufacturing cement.

    Statement III :

    Limestone is converted into lime during clinker production for cement manufacturing.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    aBoth Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement IbBoth Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement IcOnly one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement IdNeither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
14. Prelims 2025Q32Climate Change

    Consider the following statements :

    Statement I :

    At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), India refrained from signing the ‘Declaration on Climate and Health’.

    Statement II :

    The COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a binding declaration; and if signed, it becomes mandatory to decarbonize health sector.

    Statement III :

    If India’s health sector is decarbonized, the resilience of its health-care system may be compromised.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    aBoth Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement IbBoth Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement IcOnly one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement IdNeither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
15. Prelims 2025Q34Climate Change

    Consider the following statements :

    Statement I :

    Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change is frequently discussed in global discussions on sustainable development and climate change.

    Statement II :

    Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change sets out the principles of carbon markets.

    Statement III :

    Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change intends to promote inter-country non-market strategies to reach their climate targets.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    aBoth Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement IbBoth Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement IcOnly one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement IdNeither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
16. Prelims 2025Q36Climate Change

    With reference to ‘Direct Air Capture’, an emerging technology, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    I.It can be used as a way of carbon sequestration.

    II.It can be a valuable approach for plastic production and in food processing.

    III.In aviation, it can be a source of carbon for combining with hydrogen to create synthetic low-carbon fuel.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    aI and II onlybIII onlycI, II and IIIdNone of the above statements is correct
17. Prelims 2025Q37Biodiversity & Species

    Regarding Peacock tarantula (Gooty tarantula), consider the following statements :

    I.It is an omnivorous crustacean.

    II.Its natural habitat in India is only limited to some forest areas.

    III.In its natural habitat, it is an arboreal species.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    aI onlybI and IIIcII onlydII and III
18. Prelims 2025Q38Climate Change

    Consider the following statements :

    I.Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in India are less than 0·5 t CO2/capita.

    II.In terms of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, India ranks second in Asia-Pacific region.

    III.Electricity and heat producers are the largest sources of CO2 emissions in India.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    aI and III onlybII onlycII and III onlydI, II and III
19. Prelims 2025Q40Ecology & Ecosystems

    With reference to the planet Earth, consider the following statements :

    I.Rain forests produce more oxygen than that produced by oceans.

    II.Marine phytoplankton and photosynthetic bacteria produce about 50% of world's oxygen.

    III.Well-oxygenated surface water contains several folds higher oxygen than that in atmospheric air.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    aI and IIbII onlycI and IIIdNone of the above statements is correct
20. Prelims 2025Q41Renewable Energy

    Consider the following types of vehicles :

    I.Full battery electric vehicles

    II.Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

    III.Fuel cell-electric hybrid vehicles

    How many of the above are considered as alternative powertrain vehicles?

    aOnly onebOnly twocAll the threedNone