Why in news?
Public health authorities in Australia have reported a surge in diphtheria cases after decades of near elimination. In 2025 and early 2026 the Northern Territory recorded more than a dozen respiratory cases and several dozen skin infections, prompting renewed calls for vaccination.
Background
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It spreads through droplets or direct contact with wounds. The bacteria produce a toxin that forms a thick grey membrane in the throat, leading to difficulty breathing and a distinctive “bull‑neck” swelling. Untreated cases can lead to heart and nerve damage, and in unvaccinated individuals the fatality rate may approach 30%.
Key points
- Symptoms: Early signs include sore throat, mild fever and fatigue. As the toxin spreads, a tough coating forms on the tonsils and throat. Skin infections present as non‑healing ulcers.
- Treatment: Doctors administer diphtheria antitoxin to neutralise the toxin and prescribe antibiotics to clear the bacteria. Supportive care ensures the airway remains open.
- Prevention: The World Health Organization recommends a six‑dose vaccination schedule starting at six weeks of age, followed by booster shots in childhood and adolescence. Booster doses are essential because immunity wanes over time.
- Current situation: Australian health officials attribute the resurgence to declining vaccine coverage and waning immunity in adults. They urge catch‑up vaccinations and emphasise community protection through herd immunity.
Why India should care
- Diphtheria continues to occur in parts of India, particularly where immunisation coverage is low. Strengthening routine immunisation and ensuring booster doses can prevent outbreaks.
- Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial, as rapid administration of antitoxin reduces complications.
- Public awareness about vaccination schedules and recognising symptoms can save lives.
Source: The Indian Express