Why in news?
Researchers at the University of Calgary reported early results from a trial that adds high doses of vitamin B3 to standard treatment for glioblastoma, a deadly brain cancer. They found that niacin may revive immune cells suppressed by tumours, and 82 percent of participants showed no disease progression at six months – a 28 percent improvement over earlier studies. Scientists stress that the therapy is experimental and that high doses of niacin can be dangerous without medical supervision.
Background
Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, was identified in the 1930s when researchers found that a lack of the vitamin caused pellagra, a disease marked by dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia. There are two main forms – nicotinic acid and nicotinamide – both of which the body uses to make nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a molecule involved in more than 400 enzyme reactions. Niacin helps convert food into energy, create and repair DNA, and synthesise cholesterol and fats. It is water‑soluble, so excess amounts are excreted in urine. Foods rich in niacin include meat, fish, eggs, whole grains, nuts and legumes. Severe deficiency leads to pellagra, but fortification of cereals and a varied diet have made the condition rare.
Functions and therapeutic research
- Energy metabolism: Niacin forms the coenzymes NAD and NADP, which help enzymes convert carbohydrates, fats and proteins into usable energy.
- DNA repair and antioxidant effects: It assists in repairing damaged DNA and acts as an antioxidant by neutralising free radicals.
- Cholesterol control: High‑dose nicotinic acid has been used to raise “good” HDL cholesterol and lower “bad” LDL cholesterol, although large clinical trials have shown limited benefit and significant side effects.
- Glioblastoma trial: The Calgary study adds controlled‑ release niacin to surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Early results suggest niacin can rejuvenate immune cells so they attack tumour cells. Researchers caution that high doses should be taken only under medical guidance because niacin can cause liver damage, ulcers and high blood sugar.
Conclusion
Vitamin B3 is essential for human health and is easily obtained from a balanced diet. The promising glioblastoma trial shows how vitamins may augment cancer therapies, but self‑medication with high doses is risky. Any therapeutic use of niacin should be part of a carefully supervised medical plan.